Video

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• Brief overview of Arduino and C++.
• Showcase the final project: A device that uses an ultrasonic sensor to measure distances and displays it on an LCD.
• Components required:
  • Arduino Uno (or any compatible board).
  • HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor.
  • 16x2 LCD with I2C module.
  • Jumper wires, breadboard.

• Install Arduino IDE:
  
  • Download and install the Arduino IDE.
  • Set up the correct board and port in the IDE.
• Add Libraries:
  
  • Install the necessary libraries (LiquidCrystal_I2C) from the Library Manager.
    1. Go to Sketch > Include Library > Manage Libraries.
    2. Search for LiquidCrystal_I2C and click Install.

• Hardware Setup:
  
  • Connect the ultrasonic sensor to Arduino:
    • VCC to 5V.
    • GND to GND.
    • Trigger (Trig) to pin 9.
    • Echo to pin 10.
  • Connect the LCD display:
    • Use the I2C interface for simplicity.
    • Connect VCC, GND, SDA, and SCL.

1. Explain the working principle:
   
   • The ultrasonic sensor sends a sound wave and measures the time it takes for the echo to return.
   • Distance = (time × speed of sound) / 2.

1. Write the C++ code for the ultrasonic sensor:
   cppCopyEditconst int trigPin = 9; const int echoPin = 10;  void setup() {     Serial.begin(9600);     pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);     pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); }  void loop() {     long duration;     int distance;      // Send a 10us pulse to trigger digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);     delayMicroseconds(2);     digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);     delayMicroseconds(10);     digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);      // Measure the duration of echo    duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);      // Calculate the distance    distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;      // Print to Serial Monitor    Serial.print("Distance: ");     Serial.print(distance);     Serial.println(" cm");      delay(500); } 
2. Test the setup:
   
   • Upload the code and open the Serial Monitor to view the distance measurements.

1. Explain the 16x2 LCD Display:
   
   • Discuss the I2C interface for reducing pin connections.

1. Update the Code to Include the LCD:
   cppCopyEdit#include <Wire.h> #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> const int trigPin = 9; const int echoPin = 10; LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); // Adjust 0x27 to your I2C address void setup() {     lcd.begin(16, 2); // Initialize the LCD    lcd.print("Initializing...");     delay(2000);     lcd.clear();      pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);     pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); }  void loop() {     long duration;     int distance;      // Send a 10us pulse to trigger digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);     delayMicroseconds(2);     digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);     delayMicroseconds(10);     digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);      // Measure the duration of echo    duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);      // Calculate the distance    distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;      // Display the distance on the LCD    lcd.setCursor(0, 0);     lcd.print("Distance: ");     lcd.print(distance);     lcd.print(" cm   "); // Clear previous data delay(500); } 
2. Test the Setup:
   
   • Upload the code and watch the distance values appear on the LCD.
   • Debug common issues, like adjusting the I2C address if the LCD doesn’t work.

1. Add Range Alerts:
   
   • Flash an LED if the object is too close (<10 cm).
   • cppCopyEditconst int ledPin = 13; // Built-in LED void setup() {     pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);     // Existing setup code...}  void loop() {     // Existing loop code... if (distance < 10) {         digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);     } else {         digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);     } } 

1. Customizing the LCD Display:
   
   • Display a warning message if the object is out of range (>400 cm or <2 cm).

• Review the project:
  
  • Measured distances with an ultrasonic sensor.
  • Displayed the distance on an LCD.
  • Added alerts for critical ranges.
• Suggest Next Steps:
  
  • Combine this project with a servo to create an obstacle-avoiding robot.
  • Add more sensors for environmental data.

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